Orbital 4 – Chemical Reaction

The Orbital 3 e-book covers the fourth module of upper secondary school chemistry, "Chemical Reaction". 

The Orbital series is a modern learning material for chemistry that encourages the student to think about, investigate, and understand chemistry. The text is designed to captivate the reader. The examples feature important chemical processes and discoveries that are familiar from everyday life. In addition to traditional text explanations, animations, videos and 3D models have also been used to visualise processes. 

The tasks follow the new digital final exam model, progressing from tasks that test memory skills through concepts to practical and more challenging tasks. Models and visualisation play a key role in learning chemistry. 

Chemistry is learnt by visualising your own thoughts and by presenting them to other students. Discussions help to develop our own thought processes. Modelling uses simulations, but you will also need a pen and paper. Students can freely choose between visualisation methods. 

Chemistry is also learnt together. Learning is social in nature, so the material encourages students to work together.

1. To the reader

Lead	Chapter
1.1.	Foreword

2. Chemical reaction

Lead	Chapter
2.1.	Chemical reactions Free chapter!

3. Gases and gas calculations

Lead	Chapter
3.1.	Gaseous state
3.2.	Gas laws and the ideal gas model
3.3.	Gas calculations
3.4.	Additional information: The philosophy of chemistry and experimental models
3.5.	Experimentation

4. Reaction equation

Lead	Chapter
4.1.	Writing a reaction equation
4.2.	Balancing a reaction equation
4.3.	Calculations related to the reaction equation
4.4.	Reaction yield and factors limiting reactions
4.5.	Additional information: The industrial use of reactions

5. Inorganic compound reactions

Lead	Chapter
5.1.	Oxidation and reduction
5.2.	Acid-base reactions
5.3.	Precipitation reactions
5.4.	Decomposition reactions
5.5.	Complexes

6. Organic chemistry reactions

Lead	Chapter
6.1.	Combustion
6.2.	Protolysation and neutralisation
6.3.	Substitution reaction
6.4.	Addition reaction
6.5.	Elimination reaction
6.6.	Condensation
6.7.	Hydrolysis
6.8.	Polymerisation
6.9.	Cracking
6.10.	Reaction mechanisms
6.11.	Reactions based on organic compound groups
6.12.	Additional information: Nobel Prize in Chemistry for an organic synthesis reaction
6.13.	Experimentation

7. Analytical chemistry

Lead	Chapter
7.1.	Qualitative analysis
7.2.	Quantitative analysis
7.3.	Experimentation

8. Polymers

Lead	Chapter
8.1.	Inventions that led to the polymer industry
8.2.	The structure and properties of polymers
8.3.	Polymerisation reactions
8.4.	Plastics
8.5.	Rubbers
8.6.	Fibres and textiles
8.7.	Biopolymers
8.8.	Paints
8.9.	Adhesives and resins
8.10.	Colloidal substances
8.11.	Experimentation

9. The building blocks of life

Lead	Chapter
9.1.	The building blocks of life
9.2.	Proteins
9.3.	Carbohydrates
9.4.	Lipids
9.5.	The nucleic acids DNA and RNA
9.6.	Vitamins
9.7.	Experimentation

10. Extras

Lead	Chapter
10.1.	For the teacher